# `glob` — Unix style pathname pattern expansion

Source code: Lib/glob.py

The `glob` module finds pathnames using pattern matching rules similar to the Unix shell. No tilde expansion is done, but `*`, `?`, and character ranges expressed with `[]` will be correctly matched. This is done by using the `os.scandir()` and `fnmatch.fnmatch()` functions in concert, and not by actually invoking a subshell.

Note

The pathnames are returned in no particular order. If you need a specific order, sort the results.

Files beginning with a dot (`.`) can only be matched by patterns that also start with a dot, unlike `fnmatch.fnmatch()` or `pathlib.Path.glob()`. For tilde and shell variable expansion, use `os.path.expanduser()` and `os.path.expandvars()`.

For a literal match, wrap the meta-characters in brackets. For example, `'[?]'` matches the character `'?'`.

The `glob` module defines the following functions:

glob.glob(pathname, *, root_dir=None, dir_fd=None, recursive=False, include_hidden=False)

  Return a possibly empty list of path names that match pathname, which must be a string containing a path specification. pathname can be either absolute (like `/usr/src/Python-1.5/Makefile`) or relative (like `../../Tools/*/*.gif`), and can contain shell-style wildcards. Broken symlinks are included in the results (as in the shell). Whether or not the results are sorted depends on the file system. If a file that satisfies conditions is removed or added during the call of this function, whether a path name for that file will be included is unspecified.

  If root_dir is not `None`, it should be a path-like object specifying the root directory for searching. It has the same effect on `glob()` as changing the current directory before calling it. If pathname is relative, the result will contain paths relative to root_dir.

  This function can support paths relative to directory descriptors with the dir_fd parameter.

  If recursive is true, the pattern “`**`” will match any files and zero or more directories, subdirectories and symbolic links to directories. If the pattern is followed by an `os.sep` or `os.altsep` then files will not match.

  If include_hidden is true, “`**`” pattern will match hidden directories.

  Raises an auditing event `glob.glob` with arguments `pathname`, `recursive`.

  Raises an auditing event `glob.glob/2` with arguments `pathname`, `recursive`, `root_dir`, `dir_fd`.

  Note

  Using the “`**`” pattern in large directory trees may consume an inordinate amount of time.

  Note

  This function may return duplicate path names if pathname contains multiple “`**`” patterns and recursive is true.

  Note

  Any `OSError` exceptions raised from scanning the filesystem are suppressed. This includes `PermissionError` when accessing directories without read permission.

  Changed in version 3.5: Support for recursive globs using “`**`”.

  Changed in version 3.10: Added the root_dir and dir_fd parameters.

  Changed in version 3.11: Added the include_hidden parameter.

glob.iglob(pathname, *, root_dir=None, dir_fd=None, recursive=False, include_hidden=False)

  Return an iterator which yields the same values as `glob()` without actually storing them all simultaneously.

  Raises an auditing event `glob.glob` with arguments `pathname`, `recursive`.

  Raises an auditing event `glob.glob/2` with arguments `pathname`, `recursive`, `root_dir`, `dir_fd`.

  Note

  This function may return duplicate path names if pathname contains multiple “`**`” patterns and recursive is true.

  Note

  Any `OSError` exceptions raised from scanning the filesystem are suppressed. This includes `PermissionError` when accessing directories without read permission.

  Changed in version 3.5: Support for recursive globs using “`**`”.

  Changed in version 3.10: Added the root_dir and dir_fd parameters.

  Changed in version 3.11: Added the include_hidden parameter.

glob.escape(pathname)

  Escape all special characters (`'?'`, `'*'` and `'['`). This is useful if you want to match an arbitrary literal string that may have special characters in it. Special characters in drive/UNC sharepoints are not escaped, e.g. on Windows `escape('//?/c:/Quo vadis?.txt')` returns `'//?/c:/Quo vadis[?].txt'`.

  Added in version 3.4.

glob.translate(pathname, *, recursive=False, include_hidden=False, seps=None)

  Convert the given path specification to a regular expression for use with `re.prefixmatch()`. The path specification can contain shell-style wildcards.

  For example:

      >>> import glob, re
      >>>
      >>> regex = glob.translate('**/*.txt', recursive=True, include_hidden=True)
      >>> regex
      '(?s:(?:.+/)?[^/]*\\.txt)\\z'
      >>> reobj = re.compile(regex)
      >>> reobj.prefixmatch('foo/bar/baz.txt')
      <re.Match object; span=(0, 15), match='foo/bar/baz.txt'>

  Path separators and segments are meaningful to this function, unlike `fnmatch.translate()`. By default wildcards do not match path separators, and `*` pattern segments match precisely one path segment.

  If recursive is true, the pattern segment “`**`” will match any number of path segments.

  If include_hidden is true, wildcards can match path segments that start with a dot (`.`).

  A sequence of path separators may be supplied to the seps argument. If not given, `os.sep` and `altsep` (if available) are used.

  See also

  `pathlib.PurePath.full_match()` and `pathlib.Path.glob()` methods, which call this function to implement pattern matching and globbing.

  Added in version 3.13.

## Examples

Consider a directory containing the following files: `1.gif`, `2.txt`, `card.gif` and a subdirectory `sub` which contains only the file `3.txt`. `glob()` will produce the following results. Notice how any leading components of the path are preserved.

    >>> import glob
    >>> glob.glob('./[0-9].*')
    ['./1.gif', './2.txt']
    >>> glob.glob('*.gif')
    ['1.gif', 'card.gif']
    >>> glob.glob('?.gif')
    ['1.gif']
    >>> glob.glob('**/*.txt', recursive=True)
    ['2.txt', 'sub/3.txt']
    >>> glob.glob('./**/', recursive=True)
    ['./', './sub/']

If the directory contains files starting with `.` they won’t be matched by default. For example, consider a directory containing `card.gif` and `.card.gif`:

    >>> import glob
    >>> glob.glob('*.gif')
    ['card.gif']
    >>> glob.glob('.c*')
    ['.card.gif']

See also

The `fnmatch` module offers shell-style filename (not path) expansion.

See also

The `pathlib` module offers high-level path objects.